{"id":5459,"date":"2026-09-07T17:00:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T08:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/?p=5459"},"modified":"2026-09-07T17:00:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T08:00:29","slug":"what-is-a-lead-acid-battery%e3%80%80a-simple-explanation-of-how-it-works-and-its-features","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/?p=5459","title":{"rendered":"What is a lead-acid battery?\u3000A simple explanation of how it works and its features."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid1.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid1-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid1-768x439.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The lead-acid battery was developed by Gaston Plante in France in 1859.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since then, they have been used in a variety of situations, including car batteries and electric forklifts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, many people have probably heard of lead-acid batteries, but do not know much about them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article therefore describes lead-acid battery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We hope that you will read this article to the end, as it explains how it works, its longevity and its shortcomings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s look at them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a lead-acid battery?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5461\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid2.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid2-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lead-acid batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that can be charged and discharged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lead dioxide (PbO<sub>2<\/sub>) is used for the positive electrode, lead (Pb) for the negative electrode and dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO<sub>4<\/sub>) with a concentration of around 30 % for the electrolyte,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During charging, a reaction occurs in the cathode where the deposited lead sulphate (PbSO<sub>4<\/sub>) becomes lead dioxide, and in the anode where the lead sulphate becomes lead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>positive electrode reaction: PbSO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 PbO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative electrode reaction: PbSO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> \u2192 Pb + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:1px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When lead sulphate is converted to lead dioxide and lead during charging, the oxidation number of lead changes from divalent to tetravalent and zero-valent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, lead is most stable in its divalent state, so the reverse reaction described above proceeds smoothly during discharge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>positive electrode reaction:&nbsp; PbO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup> \u2192 PbSO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative electrode reaction: Pb + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192PbSO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid3.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid3-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid3-768x511.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Lead-acid batteries have the following three characteristics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"kakomi\">\n<ul><li>Relatively high voltage per terminal<\/li>\n<li>Large current draw in a short time.<\/li>\n<li>Can be manufactured inexpensively<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Each of these is explained one by one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relatively high voltage per terminal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The voltage per terminal is about 2 V.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although it is inferior to lithium-ion batteries, which show voltages of 3 V or more, they show higher voltages when compared to nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium batteries, which show voltages of around 1.2 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In situations where higher voltages are required, batteries are connected in series to gain voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The higher the voltage per terminal, the fewer batteries are needed, which makes lead-acid batteries useful for car batteries that require a higher voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can be manufactured inexpensively<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Lead in electrodes is a cheaply available metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The overall production price of the battery is lower, giving it a significant lead over other rechargeable batteries in terms of installation costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recycling system in place.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>More than 160 years have passed since its development in 1859, and a recycling system for electrodes is already in place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It has more reusable components than other rechargeable batteries, making it an environmentally friendly rechargeable battery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Life span<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid4.png 768w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/lead-acid4-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They gradually deteriorate as lead dioxide is stripped from the cathode during the charge-discharge reaction and water is lost through natural evaporation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lifespan of a lead-acid battery depends on the conditions of use, but is said to be around three years for motorbike and car batteries, and around 20 years for use as a backup power source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the battery is used in a way that damages it, such as overcharging or overdischarging, the number of usable cycles will be reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To extend battery life, it is necessary to review the frequency and conditions of use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Disadvantages of lead-acid battery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The three disadvantages of lead-acid batteries are as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"kakomi\">\n<ul><li>Large in weight or volume<\/li>\n<li>High risk during rupture.<\/li>\n<li>Sulphation.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>I will explain them one by one below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Large in weight or volume<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The high density of lead plates and lead oxide plates in the electrodes makes them heavier than other rechargeable batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, as a result of the larger electrode area for higher currents, the volume of the battery covering it is also larger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High risk during rupture.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of sulphuric acid as electrolyte poses a risk to human health in the event of a battery rupture or other external leakage of liquid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are designed to be robust to prevent leakage, but this also makes lead-acid batteries heavy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:18px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sulphation.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If a battery is not used for a long period of time or used without being fully charged, \u2018sulphation\u2019 occurs, where lead sulphate crystals form on the surface of the lead anode and form a layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The layer of lead sulphate covers the electrode, reducing the electrode surface area and making it difficult for electricity to flow during charging and discharging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the engine of a car that has not been driven for a long time is difficult to start, it is possible that this sulfation has occurred on the electrode surfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This phenomenon is unique to lead-acid batteries and if the sulphation becomes severe, the battery has to be replaced as it is difficult to remove the lead sulphate layer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">examples of application<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The first example of the use of lead-acid batteries is in car engine starting batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are also used for other purposes, such as a reserve power source for facilities in case of emergencies and disasters, and for storing renewable energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We don&#8217;t often actually see lead-acid batteries in our everyday lives<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, they underpin modern society in this unseen way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lastly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This concludes the commentary on lead-acid batteries.\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We hope that we can answer some of the many questions you may have about batteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">References<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infuse-net.com\/articles\/articles005.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u925b\u84c4\u96fb\u6c60\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\uff1c\u30d0\u30c3\u30c6\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u77e5\u8b58\uff1e\uff5c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30e5\u30fc\u30ba (infuse-net.com)<\/a><br><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/meta><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.baj.or.jp\/battery\/knowledge\/stage.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u96fb\u6c60\u306e\u6d3b\u8e8d\u306e\u5834 | \u4e00\u822c\u793e\u56e3\u6cd5\u4eba \u96fb\u6c60\u5de5\u696d\u4f1a (baj.or.jp)<\/a><br><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/meta><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/kogyobutsurikagaku\/59\/9\/59_746\/_pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3\u3000\u925b\u84c4\u96fb\u6c60\u3000\u576a\u7530\u6b63\u6e29. \u96fb\u6c17\u5316\u5b66, <strong>59<\/strong>, 9, 746-752 (1991)<\/a><br><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/meta><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/materia1994\/35\/12\/35_12_1303\/_pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u925b\u306e\u30ea\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3000\u5927\u77f3\u654f\u96c4. \u307e\u3066\u308a\u3042, 35\u5dfb\u7b2c12\u53f7, 1303-1306 (1996)<\/a><br><meta charset=\"utf-8\"><\/meta><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/ieejjournal\/134\/11\/134_758\/_article\/-char\/ja\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u925b\u84c4\u96fb\u6c60\u306e\u6280\u8853\u52d5\u5411\u3000\u5e83\u702c \u7fa9\u548c, \u8fd1\u85e4 \u609f. \u96fb\u6c17\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c, 134\u5dfb11\u53f7, 758-761 (2014)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The lead-acid battery was developed by Gaston Plante in France in 1859. Sin[\u3082\u3063\u3068\u8aad\u307e\u305b\u3066\u301c]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5468,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is a lead-acid battery?\u3000A simple explanation of how it works and its features. | SUGA Co., Ltd.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The lead-acid battery was developed by Gaston Plante in France in 1859. 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