{"id":5542,"date":"2026-10-29T14:32:28","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T05:32:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/?p=5542"},"modified":"2026-10-29T14:32:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T05:32:30","slug":"what-is-a-fuel-cell-we-explain-how-they-work-their-advantages-and-examples-of-their-use","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/?p=5542","title":{"rendered":"What is a fuel cell? We explain how they work, their advantages and examples of their use."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"587\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell1.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell1-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell1-768x440.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cFuel cells\u201d have recently gained attention as an environmentally friendly way of generating electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, perhaps few people have a quick image of fuel cells when they hear of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article therefore describes a fuel cells, which are gradually becoming more widespread in society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We hope that you will read this article to the end, as it will explain how it works, its advantages and examples of its use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let\u2019s take a look.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5544\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell2.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell2-767x511.png 767w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a fuel cell?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The image is of a \u2018power generator\u2019 that produces electricity through chemical reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell consists of three components: an anode (fuel electrode) to which hydrogen is supplied, a cathode (air electrode) to which oxygen is supplied and an electrolyte to which ions are transferred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to separate electrodes, electricity is generated by the fuel cell, and water and heat are produced as reaction products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main difference with traditional generators is that they do not emit carbon dioxide or nitrogen oxides when producing electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why it has recently attracted attention as an environmentally friendly source of electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell can be divided into five categories, depending on the type of electrolyte<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each of them is explained one by one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PEFC uses a solid polymer membrane (ion-exchange membrane) as the electrolyte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power output is around 50 kW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operating temperatures range from room temperature to approx. 90 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power generation efficiency of 30-40%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is characterized by small and compact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are used in a variety of uses, including household, automotive and mobile equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PAFC is characterized by the use of phosphoric acid (H\u2083PO\u2084) as the electrolyte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The maximum power output is around 1000 kW and electricity is generated at approximately 200 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power generation efficiency is 30-40%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is possible to generate electricity on a relatively small scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used in hospitals, hotels, buildings and other commercial applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AFC uses alkaline electrolytes such as potassium hydroxide (KOH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power output ranges from a few kW to several hundred kW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operating temperatures range from room temperature to 150\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power generation efficiency is 40-50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They deteriorate due to carbon dioxide in the air and fuel that require regular maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Suitable for use in enclosed spaces, e.g. for spacecraft and submarines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MCFC uses lithium carbonate (Li\u2082CO\u2083) or sodium carbonate (Na\u2082CO\u2083) as electrolyte and carbon monoxide as fuel in addition to hydrogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operating temperature is approximately 650 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power output ranges from 1 to 100 000 kW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power generation efficiency is 50-60%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As with the SOFC introduced next, no catalyst (e.g. platinum) is required for power generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used in a wide variety of applications, including industrial and power generation facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SOFCs use stabilised zirconia (ZrO\u2082+Y\u2082O\u2083) as the electrolyte and carbon monoxide as well as hydrogen as fuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The operating temperature is approximately 1000 \u00b0C and the power output is between 1 and 100 000 kW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Power generation efficiency is relatively high at 40-65%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used in a wide variety of applications, including household and automotive applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advantage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5545\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell3.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell3-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell3-768x434.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are three advantages of fuel cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Zero emission<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High power generation efficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flexible control over the amount of electricity generated<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each of these is explained one by one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero emission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell emits mostly water and heat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No carbon dioxide is produced when electricity is generated, resulting in almost zero greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So it is receiving attention as a clean energy source with an extremely low environmental impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High power generation efficiency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Turning a turbine, as in thermal power generation, causes energy losses due to frictional heat and other factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, a fuel cell is considerably more efficient than other methods of electricity generation, as electricity is obtained directly from a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Efficiency can also be further increased by utilizing the heat from reaction by-products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flexible control over the amount of electricity generated<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell is only able to generate electricity as long as the fuel gas is supplied to the poles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is able to produce the required amount of electricity on a stable basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Disadvantage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell4.png 1024w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell4-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fuel-cell4-767x361.png 767w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two disadvantages of fuel cell are as follows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>High cost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hydrogen supply and storage issues.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each of these is explained one by one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">High cost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Types requiring catalyst loading on the electrode surface (PEFC, PAFC, AFC) use expensive precious metals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, compared to conventional generators, higher costs are incurred during the production of fuel cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hydrogen supply and storage issues.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At present, hydrogen is produced through the reforming of fossil fuels and water electrolysis methods using renewable energy sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the supply is still insufficient for future hydrogen-based urban development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition, there are unresolved technical issues in terms of container safety and weight when storing the produced hydrogen in or absorbing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The situation is such that there are many challenges to overcome for the widespread use of fuel cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell is used to power vehicles and households.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each of these is explained below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fuel-cell vehicle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A fuel cell vehicle is a car equipped with a fuel cell that runs on electricity generated by chemical reactions within the cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike petrol-powered vehicles, it has the advantages of zero emissions and significantly faster filling times compared to electric vehicles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Household electric generator<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recently, household fuel cells, such as Panasonic&#8217;s ENE\u30fbFARM, are gradually becoming more widespread.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thanks to its high power generation efficiency, it helps reduce utility costs, and because it emits no greenhouse gases, it enables a lifestyle with a low environmental impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lastly<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This concludes the commentary on fuel cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We hope this will help to answer your questions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"related_link\"><span class=\"title\"><i class=\"fa-solid fa-bookmark\"><\/i>Read in conjunction with<\/span><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/?p=5407\"><span class=\"thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/agus.co.jp\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/batteries1-1.png\"><\/span><span class=\"post_title\">Thorough explanation of the different types of batteries! Simple explanations of various batteries, including lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride.<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">References<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ifs.tohoku.ac.jp\/nanoint\/jpn\/about\/contents3\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u306e\u7a2e\u985e (tohoku.ac.jp)<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.energia.co.jp\/energy\/general\/newene\/newene3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u30fb\u7279\u5fb4\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u96fb\u529b (energia.co.jp)<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/tenbou.nies.go.jp\/science\/description\/detail.php?id=4#:~:text=%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0%E3%81%AF%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E3%81%A7,%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%B9%E7%8E%87%E3%81%8C%E9%AB%98%E3%81%84%E3%80%82\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60 &#8211; \u74b0\u5883\u6280\u8853\u89e3\u8aac\uff5c\u74b0\u5883\u5c55\u671b\u53f0\uff1a\u56fd\u7acb\u74b0\u5883\u7814\u7a76\u6240 \u74b0\u5883\u60c5\u5831\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2 (nies.go.jp)<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/panasonic.biz\/appliance\/FC\/enefarm\/about_fuelcells.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u3068\u306f | \u30a8\u30cd\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u306f | \u5bb6\u5ead\u7528\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\uff08\u30a8\u30cd\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30e0\uff09 | Panasonic<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/xtech.nikkei.com\/atcl\/nxt\/column\/18\/00001\/07824\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u30db\u30f3\u30c0\u306e\u65b0\u578b\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3001\u751f\u7523\u6027\u5411\u4e0a\u3067\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u30923\u5206\u306e1\u306b | \u65e5\u7d4c\u30af\u30ed\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30af\uff08xTECH\uff09 (nikkei.com)<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.enecho.meti.go.jp\/about\/special\/johoteikyo\/suiso_tukurikata.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u6b21\u4e16\u4ee3\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u300c\u6c34\u7d20\u300d\u3001\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u3069\u3046\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3064\u304f\u308b\uff1f\uff5c\u30b9\u30da\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb\u30b3\u30f3\u30c6\u30f3\u30c4\uff5c\u8cc7\u6e90\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u5e81 (meti.go.jp)<\/a><br><a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smfg.co.jp\/sustainability\/report\/topics\/detail108.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\uff5e\u7279\u96c6\uff5e \u6c34\u7d20\u793e\u4f1a\u306f\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b (smfg.co.jp)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cFuel cells\u201d have recently gained attention as an environmentally friendly [\u3082\u3063\u3068\u8aad\u307e\u305b\u3066\u301c]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5543,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5542","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is a fuel cell? 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